A Case of Splenic Tuberculosis Forming a Gastro-splenic Fistula / 대한소화기학회지

We report a case of a 61-year-old man who presented with a cough and abdominal discomfort. CT scan of the chest showed two lesions across both lungs, and an abdominal CT scan revealed multiple hypodense lesions in the spleen with cystic lesions on the splenic hilum. Upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy found creamy yellowish discharge through a fistula between the stomach and splenic hilum. Under fluoroscopic guidance, forceps was inserted into the fistula tract, and forcep biopsy was done. The pathology was consistent with tuberculosis, and a nine-month anti-tuberculosis medication regimen was started. Imaging performed three months after finishing medication indicated improvement of splenic lesions, and the gastro-splenic tract was sealed off. This case is a very rare clinical example of secondary splenic tuberculosis with a gastro-splenic fistula formation in an immunocompetent patient.

Spontaneous Splenic Rupture as a Paradoxical Reaction during Treatment for Splenic Tuberculosis / 결핵및호흡기질환

This report describes a rare case of a patient with splenic tuberculosis (TB) who developed spontaneous splenic rupture after 10 weeks of antituberculous chemotherapy. The patient responded well to the antituberculous regimen prior to the spontaneous splenic rupture. We considered a paradoxical reaction as a cause of the splenic rupture. The patient underwent splenectomy and continuously received initial antituberculous drugs without change. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous splenic rupture as a paradoxical reaction to antituberculous chemotherapy in an immunocompetent host with splenic TB.

Rituximab for Rheumatoid Arthritis Following TNF-alpha Inhibitor Associated Splenic Tuberculosis

One of the most important adverse effects of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor is the reactivation of tuberculosis. Most of them occur in the lung, but sometimes they can be found in other organs. Moreover, the proper management of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with anti-TNF-alpha associated tuberculosis is still in debate. We present the case of a seropositive RA patient who showed good response with rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, after developing splenic tuberuculosis, following treatment with TNF-alpha inhibitor. Confirming a diagnosis of splenic tuberculosis is difficult and can be delayed due to its nonspecific symptoms and rare occurrence. This case suggests that splenic tuberculosis should be doubted in RA patients treated with TNF-alpha inhibitor, and that rituximab may be considered as an alternative treatment option in RA patients with anti-TNF-alpha associated tuberculosis.

Primary Hepatosplenic Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent Adult and Domestic Literature Review

Hepatic or splenic involvement of tuberculosis without other disseminated lesions is a very uncommon form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, especially in an immunocompetent adult. We report a case of a 25 year-old-man who developed primary hepatosplenic tuberculosis not associated with the lung or other distant organs. He was initially diagnosed with esophageal candidiasis in local clinic. A computed tomographic scan of the abdomen showed hepatosplenomegaly and multiple microabscesses in the spleen. Our initial diagnosis, based on the clinical feature and radiologic findings, was hepatosplenic candidiasis. However, histopathology of the liver specimens revealed chronic granuloma with central caseous necrosis, strongly suggestive of tuberculosis. Although rare, splenic tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of splenic abscess, especially in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.

A Case of Mass-Forming Splenic Tuberculosis: MRI Findings with Emphasis of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Characteristics

Tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent and fatal infectious diseases in spite of considerable improvements in medical science. The diagnosis and treatment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis involving the abdomen is still complicated owing to vague or non-specific clinical features. Although rare, isolated splenic involvement is one of the important manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and imaging suspicion of the disease is essential. We report a case of surgically confirmed mass-forming splenic tuberculosis showing a layered pattern consisting of caseous necrosis with profound restriction of water molecules surrounded by an irregular rind of granulation tissue with less diffusion restriction on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). In the differential diagnosis of neoplastic or non-neoplastic mass-forming lesions involving the spleen, this unique DWI feature could be helpful in characterizing splenic tuberculosis. The patient has been in clinically disease free status for nearly 20 months after splenectomy.

Imágenes en tuberculosis abdominal / Imaging in tuberculosis abdominal

En este artículo se discuten e ilustran las características por imagen de la afectación abdominal por tuberculosis. Se presenta un grupo de pacientes evaluados a través de diferentes modalidades diagnósticas con síntomas abdominales y hallazgos imaginológicos sugestivos de infección granulomatosa. Este diagnóstico fue confirmado posteriormente en la evolución clínica y con estudio histológico. Se incluyen casos de afectación en diferentes órganos abdominales, como sistema linfático, peritoneo, órganos pélvicos, hígado, bazo, riñones y uréteres.

In this article we illustrate and discuss imaging features resulting from Tuberculosis abdominal affectation. We present patients evaluated with several imaging modalities who had abdominal symptoms and findings suggestives of granoulomatous disease. Diagnosiswas confirm including hystopatology and clinica outgoing. Cases involved presented many affected organs such as lymphatic system, peritoneum, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands and pelvic organs.

A case of accessory splenic tuberculosis mimicking a distal pancreatic tumor / 대한내과학회지

Abdominal tuberculosis usually affects the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes, liver or spleen. Tuberculosis of the spleen is uncommon, except when associated with miliary dissemination. We report a case of a 33-year-old man with tuberculosis of the accessory spleen, which was originally suspected to be a distal pancreatic tumor. He was admitted with a history of left upper quadrant abdominal pain for 3 months. Computed tomography imaging of the abdomen revealed a 4.5 cm sized poorly defined hypodense mass in the distal pancreas and showed multiple focal hypodense lesions in the enlarged spleen. We performed distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy under the preoperative expectation of a distal pancreatic tumor. Microscopic examination of the specimens revealed accessory splenic tuberculosis associated with splenic tuberculosis. Following this, he was treated with appropriate antituberculosis drugs and was discharged without any complications.

Tuberculosis of the Spleen as a Cause of Fever of Unknown Origin and Splenomegaly

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Splenic involvement of tuberculosis, which is rare, warrants better definition in the current era of resurgence of tuberculosis. METHODS: Out of 339 splenectomies performed between January 1989 and December 2008 for indications other than trauma, histopathologic analysis of the spleen revealed tuberculosis in 8 patients. RESULTS: All eight patients were referred for splenectomy due to fever of unknown origin (FUO). No patient was infected with HIV, and all had at least moderate splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Three patients had hypersplenism with bleeding manifestations. Radiologic evaluations demonstrated that splenic lesions were present in five patients. Five patients had evidence of tuberculosis manifested as enlarged splenic hilar lymph nodes, cystic lymph nodes, or liver. Two patients exhibited tubercle bacilli in their sputum during the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: In areas where tuberculosis is prevalent, tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with FUO and splenomegaly. Extrasplenic involvement is usually seen in splenic tuberculosis, although it may not be apparent at presentation. Splenic tuberculosis can present in isolation without extrasplenic involvement, and even in immunocompetent individuals.

Tuberculose esplênica durante tratamento de psoríase com infliximabe / Splenic tuberculosis during psoriasis treatment with infliximab

A psoríase é doença crônica que afeta a pele e, eventualmente, as articulações. A terapia biológica age bloqueando citocinas inflamatórias implicadas na patogênese da doença, dentre elas o fator de necrose tumoral alfa. Este também tem papel na defesa do hospedeiro contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Relata-se um caso de psoríase com boa resposta ao infliximabe, porém com desenvolvimento de tuberculose esplênica durante o tratamento.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the skin and occasionally the joints. The biological agents have been engineered to target a specific step in the inflammatory cascade that leads to psoriasis, including tumor necrosis factor, which has a central role in the host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is a case report about a psoriatic patient who presented splenic tuberculosis during treatment with infliximab.

Tuberculosis of the spleen: a case report.

A 40-year old Thai male presented with epigastric discomfort and weight loss without fever for 2 months. On examination, there was no hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy. His ultrasonogram showed multiple lesions in the spleen with enlarged abdominal lymph nodes. Pathology revealed caseating granulomas of the spleen and lymph nodes. No AFB were seen but PCR was positive for M. tuberculosis complex. The fever resolved within 3 days of surgery and the patient was treated with antituberculous drugs.

Radiological manifestations of splenic tuberculosis: a 23-patient case series from India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Splenic tuberculosis (TB) is a less common but important manifestation of abdominal TB, especially in India and other developing countries. Its prevalence is increasing with the epidemic of HIV-TB co-infection and subsequent rise in extrapulmonary TB. The range of radiological manifestations of splenic TB is poorly described. Here, we review the ultrasonographic and computed tomographic (CT) images of 23 cases from two large tertiary care centers in India. METHODS: Radiographic images, ultrasonographic in all cases and CT in selected cases, were retrospectively analyzed in a series of 23 patients presenting to two large tertiary care centers in India, with suspected TB and with splenomegaly on physical examination. Images were assessed at baseline and when available following anti-tuberculosis therapy. RESULTS: The ultrasound and CT findings included, in order of most common: single or multiple hypoechoic focal lesions, splenic abscess, calcifications (on CT), and isolated splenomegaly. Five of the six patients with findings of isolated splenomegaly on ultrasound were found to have lesions on CT. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography of the spleen is an affordable, non-invasive imaging modality, which can be helpful in diagnosis of splenic TB and assessment of therapeutic response. Proper use of this imaging modality in splenic TB should help avoid unnecessary CT imaging or invasive procedures. However, this technique is operator-dependent, and, when extensive intraabdominal involvement is suspected, or the diagnosis is unclear, CT may be necessary.

Isolated tubercular splenic abscess in an immunocompetent child.

Splenic abscess is an uncommon entity in children, more so of tubercular etiology in immunocompetent patients. The few cases reported have usually revealed solitary abscesses in the spleen. We present a case of a 12 year-old immunocompetent girl who presented with fever and pain abdomen and was detected to have multiple tubercular abscesses in the spleen in the absence of any other focus of tuberculosis.

Micobacteriosis hepato-esplénica, forma inusual de probable tuberculosis extrapulmonar: Caso clínico y revisión bibliográfica / Hepatic-splenic micobacteriosis, unusual form of probable extrapulmonary tuberculosis: Case report and review

Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 42 años, seronegativo para VIH, con fiebre de origen desconocido (FOD), asociada a elevación de transaminasas y fosfatasas alcalinas con patrón colestásico e imágenes hepáticas hipodensas en la tomografía axial computada. La biopsia hepática demostró la presencia de granulomas tuberculosos con visualización de un bacilo con alcohol-ácido resistencia. El cuadro respondió al tratamiento con fármacos antituberculosos presentando caída de curva febril, mejoría del estado general y normalización de parámetros de laboratorio.

We report a 42 years old HIV negative male admitted for fever of unknown origin. Initial laboratory evaluation showed elevated hepatic transaminases and alkaline phosphatase and an hipodense hepatic imagen was visualized in the CT scan. Hepatic biopsy demonstrated tuberculous granulomas and alcohol fast acid rods with Ziehl Neelsen stain. Anti-tuberculous treatment resulted in resolution of fever, improvement of general condition and normalization of laboratory parameters.

Tubercular splenic abscess in an immunocompetent patient--a rare entity.

Tubercular splenic abscess is an uncommon entity. It has been reported in association with immunodeficiency states. Tubercular splenic abscess in an immunocompetent patient is extremely rare. A 24 year old female who had already received a complete course of anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) for pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed as having tubercular splenic abscess. She was successfully managed by performing splenectomy. Operative findings and histopathological examinations confirmed the diagnosis.

Case report of lymph nodal, hepatic and splenic tuberculosis in an HIV-positive patient

We describe a case of a male patient, 38 years old, HIV-positive (most recent CD4 count about 259/mm³), with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, and vespertine high fever with chills. His hemogram showed normocytic and normochromic anemia, with a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and gross granulations in the neutrophils. Transaminases were normal. Bone marrow biopsy evidenced a chronic disease anemia pattern and a lack of infectious agents. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed a normal-size spleen, which exhibited heterogeneous parenchyma and multiple small hypoechoic images, together with small ascites, peripancreatic and para-aortic lymphadenopathy. These findings were confirmed by abdominal CT. The liver was normal in size, but had a hyperechoic image, which was not visualized on CT. Histopathological analysis of one of the multiple abdominal lymph nodes obtained by laparoscopic biopsy exhibited a chronic granulomatous inflammatory process, with caseous necrosis. Tissue sections were positive for BAAR (acid-alcohol-resistant bacillus), and the cultures were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Anti-tuberculosis treatment was begun, and the patient evolved with improvement of his general state, fever remission and weight gain. Splenic tuberculosis is a rare disease, occurring predominantly in patients in late stages of AIDS and/or disseminated tuberculosis. It is a difficult diagnosis, since there are no specific findings. Hence, complementary examinations, such as abdominal ultrasound/ CT, or fine needle aspiration, are usually necessary for investigation and differential diagnosis. Often, lesion regression after anti-tuberculosis regimens can be seen, and splenectomy is restricted to complicated or refractory disease.

Tuberculous splenic abscess--a case report and review of literature.

Splenic abscess due to tuberculosis is a rare condition and is mostly diagnosed in immuno-compromised hosts. A case of tuberculous splenic abscess detected incidentally after splenectomy without any underlying disease is reported in an immuno-competent patient.

Co-existence of spontaneous splenic rupture and tuberculosis of the spleen

A rare case of splenic tuberculosis complicated by splenic rupture is reported. A 73-year-old man, hospitalized for peptic ulcer bleeding, presented in oligemic shock, was transferred to the operating room. Hemoperitoneum, due to rupture of an enlarged spleen was detected. The pathology revealed splenic tuberculosis. He had an uneventful recovery. Postoperatively, he received a combination of anti-tuberculous therapy for 6 months

Laparoscopic intervention in resistant hepatosplenic tuberculosis presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin.

Hepatosplenic tuberculosis (HST), rarely encountered in surgical practice, is seen in-patients with disseminated tuberculosis. A 20-year-old female presenting with pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) was subsequently diagnosed to have lymph-nodal tuberculosis with involvement of liver and spleen. Despite anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) for 3 months, clinical improvement did not occur and fever persisted. Laparoscopic splenectomy and drainage of the hepatic cold abscess were done with favorable results. Smear for acid fast bacilli (AFB), culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and histopathological examination (HPE) established the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB).

Primary Splenic Tuberculosis Presenting as a Large Solitary Mass

Tuberculosis may be difficult to diagnose when it presents in an uncommon extrapulmonary site. Although there has been a resurgence of abdominal tuberculosis in immunocompromised patients, which is largely due to the extensive use of immunosuppressive drugs and the increasing incidence of a human immunodeficiency virus infection, splenic tuberculosis is rare, particularly in the immunocompetent patients. Almost all cases of splenic tuberculosis present as multiple hypoechoic foci on sonography or multiple focal hypodense lesions on contrast enhanced computed tomographic scan. To our knowledge, splenic tuberculosis is an extremely rare condition. An 80-year-old man was found to have a large solitary splenic mass mimicking a splenic neoplasm on sonography and contrast enhanced computed tomographic scan. A diagnostic splenectomy revealed a large solitary mass in the spleen, which was consistent with splenic tuberculosis microscopically. We report a rare case of splenic tuberculosis in an elderly man presenting as a large solitary splenic mass on sonography and contrast enhanced computed tomographic scan.